Figure 4.
The conceptual framework presents lean implementation through three connected phases supported by continuous improvement cycles. Phase 1 focuses on the people value stream and progresses through individual and group development covering value of people workers input motivation development empowerment training responsibilities communication teamwork and employee relationships. Phase 2 advances into the product value stream through the production level focusing on production performance. Phase 3 evolves into the leaner system at the organisational level addressing safety and ergonomics waste reduction job security aligned commitment and organisational problem solving. Each phase is supported by repeated Plan Do Study Act cycles following measurement to sustain learning and improvement.The RFP model for lean implementation in South Africa
Source: Authors’ own creation