Figure 2.
The diagram presents a visual overview of the interplay between environmental, organizational, and individual forces impacting change. At the center, two categories are highlighted: Organizational Consequences, detailing aspects like reputation and performance, and Individual Consequences, including empowerment and emotional responses. Surrounding these central concepts are arrows indicating external Environmental Helping and Hindering Forces, as well as Organizational and Individual Helping and Hindering Forces. Examples of these forces are provided, such as leadership styles and organizational support for helping forces, and inertia for hindering forces.Force-field framework: 1999–2024 reactions to change research and future research directions/opportunities for integration
Note(s): Numbers in superscript (i.e. footnote font) represent the order in which these forces are discussed within the manuscript
Source(s): Authors’ own work