Figure 3
The radar chart is titled “A I Transparency and Accountability in Education.” The chart displays values across five categories, labeled in a clockwise sense from the right, as follows: “Clarity,” “Accountability,” “Adherence to standards,” “Explainability,” and “Interpretability.” Each category is represented by an axis radiating from the center, with 9 concentric rings marking intervals from 10 to 80 in increments of 10 units. Data points are plotted on each axis based on their respective values and are connected by a line to form a closed, irregular pentagon. The data values for each category are as follows: Clarity: 80. Accountability: 65. Adherence to standards: 88. Explainability: 75. Interpretability: 70. Note: All numerical data values are approximated.Temporal evolution of transparency and accountability discourse in educational AI research (2013–2025). Longitudinal visualisation of the frequency of transparency, explainability and accountability themes in educational AI literature, based on bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace (Felzmann et al., 2020; Jobin et al., 2019; UNESCO, 2021)