Figure 4
The quadrant chart is divided into four labeled sections by two dashed lines. The vertical axis is labeled “(D minus R)” and represents causal versus result factors. The horizontal axis is labeled “(D plus R)” and represents low to high impact factors. The intersection of the axes is marked as “0.00” on the vertical axis and “Average” on the horizontal axis. Each quadrant is labeled and contains explanatory text. First Quarter (Top right): High impact factor: Causal factors: These factors have a high influence on others (high D minus R) and are highly affected by others (high D plus R). They are central, dominant factors in the system. They have a strong influence and are influenced strongly as well. Second Quarter (Top left): Low impact factor: Causal factors: These factors also have a high influence on others (high D minus R) but have a low total impact (low D plus R). They are less central to the system but are still “cause factors” because they influence other factors more than they are influenced. Third Quarter (Bottom left): Low impact factor: Result factors: These factors are both low in influence and low in total impact. They are peripheral factors that neither strongly influence others nor are strongly influenced by them. Fourth Quarter (Bottom right): High impact factor: Result factors: These factors have a low influence on others (low D minus R) but a high total impact (high D plus R). They are highly affected by other factors but do not influence the system much in return.Impact-relation map (IRM) divided into four quarters for causal analysis. Source: Authors’ own work