Figure 2.
The diagram shows a four level framework for whole life cost analysis. Level 1 contains W L C. Level 2 includes non construction cost, income, externalities, and L C C. Level 3 expands into acquisition cost, construction cost, maintenance cost, operation or renewal cost, and disposal cost. Level 4 lists detailed influencing factors connected by multiple lines, including government regulation or fees, financing method, legislative changes, building type and functionality, number of floors, construction technology, energy saving measures, location, design inputs, material demand and supply, carbon sequestration, environmental cost, real and nominal cost, discount rate, taxation, inflation, interest rate, building life, risk allowances, waste management cost, insurance, maintenance frequency, fire resistance, seismic resistance, and residual value. The connections indicate relationships between cost categories and detailed cost drivers across the life cycle.Modified levels of factors using the ICMS framework (Samarasekara et al., 2024)