Figure 2
The framework shows a left-to-right process across the top with feedback and reverse flows beneath. At the top left, a rectangular box labeled “Product Lifecycle Management” contains the text “Strategic oversight and optimization of a product's” with four bulleted points: “Design, Production, Use, and Disposal”. A horizontal arrow points right from this box to a central rectangular box labeled “Reverse Logistics”. Under the reverse logistics box, the word “Involves” appears above the bulleted list “collection, sorting, remanufacturing, and redistribution of used or end-of-life products”. A horizontal arrow points right from “Reverse Logistics” to a rectangular box labeled “Zero Waste”. Under the zero waste box, the text reads “Elimination of waste through” with a bulleted points: “Resource recovery; material substitution, and circular design principles”. Between the top boxes, short bidirectional arrows connect “Product Lifecycle Management” and “Reverse Logistics”, and also connect “Reverse Logistics” and “Zero Waste”. Below the top row, a long right-pointing arrow labeled “Forward flow: P L M — Reverse Logistics — Zero-Waste” spans from left to right. Beneath it, a long left-pointing arrow labeled “Reverse flow: Waste minimization and re-entry of materials into new lifecycle stages” spans from right to left. At the bottom, a wide rectangular box reads “Feedback & Optimization (Data, K P I s, Circular Design)”. Below this box, a double-headed horizontal arrow indicates feedback direction, accompanied by the text “Feedback loops: Continuous improvement through lifecycle analytics and circular innovation”. A vertical arrow from “Zero Waste” is connected to “Feedback & Optimization (Data, K P I s, Circular Design)”. From “Feedback & Optimization (Data, K P I s, Circular Design)”, an arrow extends upward and connects to “Product Lifecycle Management”.Integrated framework for closed-loop supply chains: interlinking product lifecycle management, reverse logistics and zero-waste strategies through feedback and optimisation. Note: The diagram illustrates how product lifecycle management, reverse logistics and zero-waste strategies are interconnected within a closed-loop supply chain. It highlights continuous feedback and optimisation using data and KPIs, enabling material recovery, waste minimisation and circular design, thereby fostering sustainability and efficiency throughout the supply chain system. Source: Author’