Figure 3
The structural equation model consists of five rectangular nodes and three small circular error nodes. On the far left, two nodes are vertically stacked: the top node is labeled “P E R” and the bottom node is labeled “E F P I”. A curved double-headed arrow labeled “0.30” connects these two nodes. In the center, two more nodes are vertically stacked: the top node is labeled “G B I” and the bottom node is labeled “C T”. A small circular node labeled “e 1” with a downward arrow points to “G B I”, and a small circular node labeled “e 2” with a downward arrow points to “C T”. On the far right, a single node is labeled “B E”. A small circular node labeled “e 3” with a downward arrow points to “B E”. The connections between the rectangular nodes are as follows: From “P E R”, three arrows point rightward: one labeled “0.31” points to “G B I”, one labeled “0.43” points to “C T”, and one labeled “0.10” points to “B E”. From “E F P I”, three arrows point rightward: one labeled “0.10” points to “G B I”, one labeled “0.17” points to “C T”, and one labeled “0.02” points to “B E”. From “G B I”, a downward-sloping arrow labeled “0.51” points to “B E”. From “C T”, an upward-sloping arrow labeled “0.22” points to “B E”.Hypothesis testing model. Source: Calculated Values from the tables, 2025