Figure 1
participants, C. corroborating examples provided by participants, D. asking and answering questions to clarify details, and E. definition or identification of a problem. Phase II is Discovery and Exploration of Dissonance or Inconsistency among Ideas, Concepts or Statements and includes A. identifying and stating disagreement, B. asking and answering questions to clarify extent of disagreement, and C. restating participant’s position with arguments or references. Phase III is Negotiation of Meaning or Co-construction of Knowledge and includes A. negotiation or clarification of terms, B. negotiation of relative weight to assign to arguments, C. identification of agreement or overlap among concepts, D. proposal and negotiation of new statements, and E. proposal of integrating metaphors or analogies. Phase IV is Testing and Modification of Proposed Synthesis or Construction and includes A. testing proposed synthesis against received fact, B. testing against existing knowledge, C. testing against personal experience, D. testing against formal data, and E. testing against contradictory testimony in literature. Phase V is Agreement Statements or Applications of Newly Constructed Meaning and includes A. summarization of agreement, B. applications of new knowledge, and C. metacognitive statements showing awareness of knowledge change. Each sub-item is referenced with a phase and subcode in brackets, for example, PhI/A, PhII/B, or PhIV/E.The IAM Developed by Gunawardena et al., 1997Â