Figure 1:
A series of three box plots 2017, 2021, and 2024 illustrating the Estimated Policy Utility for various Japanese political parties, including the LDP, Komeito, JIP, and CDP. The charts track the shifting ideological positions of these parties over time relative to a mean of zero indicated by a red vertical line.

Distribution of policy bundle utility.

Note: Each box plot shows the distribution of respondents’ utility Wi for a party’s bundle j. Outlier points beyond 1.5 times the interquartile range are not shown. All utilities are rescaled so that 0 is the mean of the LDP’s utility, and 1 unit is a standard deviation of the LDP’s utility, within each year. Parties are ordered approximately on the left–right scale (left-leaning JCP at the bottom; right-leaning LDP at the top). The Party of Hope ran only in 2017; the DPP ran only in 2021 and 2024.
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