Figure 1.
The graph reports how five university groups change in their index values from 2001 to 2022. All groups rise and fall over time, with noticeable peaks around 2003 to 2004 and again between 2011 and 2014. After 2016, the values move downward for most groups, followed by brief increases around 2020. The final years show declines across all groups. Vertical markers identify three moments when policy changes or external shocks occur, and each moment aligns with shifts in the direction of the group trends. The overall pattern shows repeated movement rather than steady growth or decline.Productivity change among different university groups (2001–2022)