ExAD-GNN’s overview.

Note: The process includes four key steps: (1) Assembly of a cell-by-gene matrix using both AD and control samples, where cells from both conditions are presented along with their gene expression profiles. (2) Construction of a KNN graph based on the cell-by-gene matrix, where connections are made between each cell and its K nearest neighbours according to their gene expression similarities. (3) The detailed architecture of ExAD-GNN, where the model takes the KNN graph as input and learns to predict disease status for each cell by capturing the similarities and differences between AD and control cells in the high-dimensional expression space. (4) Prediction and interpretation, where the model predicts the disease status for each cell and highlights the significant genes influencing the predictions, thereby improving interpretability.