Figure 3
The network visualization map consists of circular nodes where a larger node indicates a higher frequency of a keyword, and curved lines between nodes represent the strength of the relationship between countries. A legend at the bottom right shows a color scale that shows the following years: “2,022.0”, “2,022.5”, “2,023.0”, “2,023.5”, and “2,024.0” from left to right. The largest node is a yellow circle labeled “china”, positioned in the center-right of the map. To its left is a large teal node labeled “united kingdom”, and below that is another large teal node labeled “united states”. Further to the left, a medium-sized green node is labeled “spain”. On the far right, a green node is labeled “malaysia”, which connects to a yellow node on the far edge labeled “indonesia”. The nodes are distributed as follows: In the top left area, there are nodes for “ecuador”, “cyprus”, “ukraine”, “sweden”, and “finland”. In the central-left area, nodes include “germany”, “poland”, “norway”, “netherlands”, and “hong kong”. At the very bottom left, nodes for “greece”, “new zealand”, and “canada” are visible. In the central area between the largest hubs, nodes include “australia”, “france”, “saudi arabia”, and “romania”. The top right area contains nodes for “jordan”, “egypt”, “slovenia”, and “ireland”. The far right area includes “pakistan”, “brazil”, and “tunisia”. On the left edge, there are small nodes for “turkey” and “taiwan”, and at the bottom center is a small node for “iran”. A logo for “V O S viewer” is located in the bottom left corner.Co-authorship network by countries. Source: Authors’ visualization, 2025