Figure 1
The figure shows 23 graphs arranged in four rows. The horizontal axis in all graphs is labeled “period” and ranges from 1 to 4 in increments of 1 unit. The vertical axis in all graphs is labeled “Predicted low-pay time t” and ranges from 0 to 0.5 in increments of 0.1 units. Each graph shows three lines. A legend at the bottom of the figure identifies the lines as “non-employment t–1”, “low-pay t–1”, and “high-pay t–1”. The data of the graphs are as follows: Row 1: The first graph is labeled “A T”. The “low-pay t–1” line is the highest with a slight upward pattern; the “non-employment t–1” line is in the middle with small changes; the “high-pay t–1” line is lowest and nearly flat. The second graph is labeled “B E”. The “low-pay t–1” line is highest with a small upward slope; the middle line shows slight variation; the lowest line remains nearly level. The third graph is labeled “B G”. The highest line rises across periods; the middle line shows small fluctuations; the lowest line is stable with minimal movement. The fourth graph is labeled “C Z”. The highest line increases slightly; the middle line shows a modest upward shift; the lowest line stays nearly unchanged. The fifth graph is labeled “D K”. The highest line rises slightly; the middle line is mostly level; the lowest line shows a small downward movement. The sixth graph is labeled “E E”. The highest line shows a small upward slope; the middle line remains steady; the lowest line changes very little. Row 2: The first graph is labeled “E L”. The highest line rises and then declines; the middle line shows minimal change; the lowest line remains low and flat. The second graph is labeled “E S”. The highest line shows a slight upward trend; the middle line is relatively stable; the lowest line shows a small increase. The third graph is labeled “F I”. The highest line increases slightly then stabilizes; the middle line shows very small changes; the lowest line stays nearly constant. The fourth graph is labeled “F R”. The highest line rises slightly; the middle line is nearly level; the lowest line shows only minor variation. The fifth graph is labeled “H U”. The highest line increases modestly; the middle line rises slightly; the lowest line shows minimal movement. The sixth graph is labeled “I E”. The highest line is mostly flat with small increases; the middle line shows minor variation; the lowest line remains lowest and stable. Row 3: The first graph is labeled “I T”. The highest line shows a slight upward movement; the middle line remains steady; the lowest line shows very small changes. The second graph is labeled “ LT”. The highest line rises gradually; the middle line has minor fluctuations; the lowest line remains nearly unchanged. The third graph is labeled “L V”. The highest line rises slightly; the middle line shows modest movement; the lowest line remains low with minimal change. The fourth graph is labeled “N O”. The highest line increases gradually; the middle line is relatively stable; the lowest line shows small movements. The fifth graph is labeled “P L”. The highest line trends upward; the middle line shows minor shifts; the lowest line remains nearly stable. The sixth graph is labeled “P T”. The highest line increases across periods; the middle line rises slightly; the lowest line shows small changes. Row 4: The first graph is labeled “R O”. The highest line increases; the middle line has small variations; the lowest line stays nearly flat. The second graph is labeled “S E”. The highest line rises slightly; the middle line is stable; the lowest line shows minimal movement. The third graph is labeled “S I”. The highest line increases modestly; the middle line changes slightly; the lowest line remains lowest and steady. The fourth graph is labeled “S K”. The highest line increases across periods; the middle line shows small fluctuations; the lowest line changes minimally. The fifth graph is labeled “U K”. The highest line shows a slight rise; the middle line remains nearly level; the lowest line shows very small shifts. Note: All numerical data values are approximated.The evolution of low-pay dynamics: being low-pay at time t. Source: Authors’ calculations from 2003–2020 EU-SILC data