Figure 12
The visualization presents a country collaboration network map created using “V O S viewer”, featuring several clusters of nations connected by curved linking lines. The largest and most prominent node is the “United States”, located slightly left of center, which maintains strong connections to “China”, “Canada”, “Australia”, and “Colombia”. To the right, another major hub is the “United Kingdom”, which connects to a cluster including “Ghana” and “Nigeria”, as well as a separate group featuring the “Netherlands”, “Ethiopia”, “Ireland”, and “Pakistan”. Toward the bottom, a cluster includes “India”, “Germany”, “Thailand”, and “Israel”. On the far left, a smaller group consists of “Japan”, “Taiwan”, “Switzerland”, “France”, and “Italy”. The nodes vary in size based on the volume of collaborations, and the thickness of the curved lines indicates the strength of the relationships between countries. Country collaboration network. Source(s): Authors’ compilation using VOSviewer