Figure 4
A flowchart shows “Train” connected to “Cloud Data Platform” and “Digital Twin”.The flowchart shows a linear data flow between three connected components. The left rounded text box labeled “Train (Sensors: I R, acoustic, vibration, R F I D)” is shown. A right-pointing arrow connects this box to a central rectangle labeled “Cloud Data Platform”. Another right-pointing arrow from the central rectangle connects to a rounded rectangle on the right labeled “Digital Twin (Virtual Train Model)”.

Conceptual representation of a digital twin for HABD/HWD. Source: Authors’ own work, drawing on international pilots referenced in Sections 6.1–6.3

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