Figure 5
The flowchart shows a structured list of system benefits presented in five stacked sequential sections. The top rounded box is labeled “Safety: Early-warning systems prevent derailments” and marked with a red circular marker on the left. Below it, another overlapping rounded box is labeled “Economy: C B R 1.6 to 2.1, strong R O I on key corridors”, marked with a green circular marker. Further down, another overlapping rounded box is labeled “Innovation: 5th gen: A I, multi-sensor, digital twins”, marked with a blue circular marker. The next overlapping rounded box is labeled “Harmonisation: Common thresholds and competence portability”, marked with an orange circular marker. At the bottom, the overlapping rounded box is labeled “Socio-economic: Protects passengers, freight and environment”, marked with a purple marker. Each marker is aligned on the left side of each box.Key messages-HABD/HWD. Source: Authors’ own work