Figure 1
The diagram shows a two-level conceptual model divided by a horizontal dashed line. The upper section is labeled “Level-2: Leader level”, and the lower section is labeled “Level-1: Subordinate level”. In the upper section, two rectangles appear side by side. The left rectangle is labeled “Leader fear of power loss”, with “H1” shown below it. The right rectangle is labeled “Leader Machiavellianism”, with “H2” shown below it. From both rectangles, vertical arrows extend downward across the dashed boundary into the lower section. These arrows merge into a single horizontal path that leads rightward to a rectangle labeled “Perceived abusive supervision”.Conceptual model. Source: Authors' own work