Figure 4
The Sankey diagram consists of two panels labeled “(a) themes” and “(b) main common barriers”, each showing flows from left-side categories to right-side stakeholder groups using connecting bands of varying thickness. In panel “(a) themes”, five themes are listed on the left from top to bottom: “[Theme (2): Barriers and Enablers]”, “[Theme (1): Source Segregation Current Practices and Benefits]”, “[Theme (3): Policy and Regulations]”, “[Theme (4): Stakeholder Roles and Collaboration]”, and “[Theme (5): Circular Economy Integration and Future Opportunities]”. On the right side, four stakeholder groups are shown from top to bottom as “C and D Waste Companies”, “Academics”, “Recycling Facilities”, and “Government Organization”. Curved bands connect each theme to one or more stakeholder groups, with thicker bands indicating stronger or more frequent connections. In panel “(b) main common barriers”, a list of barriers appears on the left from top to bottom: “High operational cost of segregation”, “Insufficient recycling infrastructure”, “Lack of awareness”, “Lack of transparency in segregation practices”, “Lack of clear regulations”, “Lack of implementation of source separation”, “Public skepticism toward recycled product quality”, “Price mismatch of recycled vs. raw materials”, “Variability in materials”, “Overlapping responsibilities”, and “Licensing and inspection procedures”. On the right side, the same stakeholder groups are shown from top to bottom as “Academics”, “C and D Waste Companies”, “Government Organization”, and “Recycling Facilities”. Multiple curved bands connect each barrier to one or more stakeholder groups, with varying thickness representing the relative strength of association. The flow in both panels runs from left to right.Participant group contributions across (a) themes and (b) common barriers