Figure 4
The network displays multiple clusters of nodes, each represented by rectangles with labels, connected by thin lines indicating co-authorship relationships, with labels adjacent to the nodes. At the center, a large yellow-green node labeled “china” is directly connected to several nodes including “united states,” “united kingdom,” “india,” “germany,” “australia,” “saudi arabia,” “thailand,” “taiwan,” “viet nam,” “oman,” and “france.” This forms the largest and most central cluster in the network. Toward the middle-right, a red cluster is centered on the node “united kingdom,” which connects with “india,” “oman,” “thailand,” and “saudi arabia.” On the left side, a blue cluster features the node “united states,” which connects with “china,” and “ghana.” At the upper-left, a smaller yellow cluster contains “taiwan,” and “japan,” which connects with “china.” Toward the right side of the diagram, a dark blue cluster includes “pakistan,” connected with “spain,” and further extending to “south africa.” At the top, a green cluster contains “germany,” and “australia.”Co-authorship analysis of countries. Note: The International collaboration patterns among countries based on co-authored publications in digital finance. Source(s): Authors’ own work (extracted from Biblioshiny software)