Figure 1
The figure is arranged horizontally with three main sections connected by arrows. On the left, a dashed rectangular container labeled “Engagement Theory” contains three stacked rectangles labeled “Behavioral Participation”, “Emotional Participation”, and “Cognitive Participation”. A bold right-pointing arrow leads from this left container to a large central oval labeled “Integration and Reconstruction”. Inside the central oval, three overlapping ovals are shown in a Venn-style arrangement, labeled “Behavioral Participation”, “Cognitive Participation”, and “Emotional Participation”, indicating their intersection and integration. From the central oval, a bold right-pointing arrow leads to a dashed rectangular container on the right labeled “Industrial Digitalization Participation Indicators”. This right container includes three stacked rectangles labeled “Participation Depth”, “Participation Breadth”, and “Participation Frequency”, showing the resulting indicators derived from the integrated participation dimensions.Theoretical framework for industrial digitalization participation