Figure 1
The model includes six rectangular boxes arranged horizontally from left to right. The first box is labeled “Cycle 0.” A rightward arrow connects it to the second box labeled “Critical Aspects,” which is followed by another rightward arrow leading to the third box labeled “Test items.” A rightward arrow connects to the fourth box labeled “Item or Aspect Matrix,” then to the fifth box labeled “Evaluating the model,” and finally to the sixth box labeled “Final statistical analysis.” A downward arrow emerges from the “Evaluating the model” box. The downward arrow continues and bends to the left. The leftward arrow then continues until it reaches the area below “Critical Aspects,” where it extends upward as an arrow labeled “Cycle 4” pointing to the “Critical Aspects” box. Another upward arrow labeled “Cycle 3, 4” emerges from the leftward arrow and points to the “Test items” box. An upward arrow labeled “Cycle 1, 2, 3, 5” emerges from the leftward arrow and points to the “Item or Aspect Matrix” box.The process of implementing DCM in different cycles. Source: Authors’ own creation