Figure 3
The diagram shows a conceptual framework centred on the “Glass Ceiling Indicator(GCI)”, drawn as a large grey oval in the middle. On the left is an oval labeled “Gender”, and on the right is an oval labelled “Eco Fin”. Several rectangular boxes contain hypothesis statements, each connected to the ovals by straight directional lines. At the top left, a rectangle reads: “H1: A higher percentage of female new hires helps reduce the glass ceiling, while their presence in entry-level roles alone does not”. A line from this box points towards the Glass Ceiling Indicator and is labeled “True”. Below it on the left, another rectangle reads: “H3: A smaller gender pay gap implies a lower glass ceiling”. This box connects to the Gender oval and it connects to the Glass Ceiling Indicator. A line from this box points towards the Glass Ceiling Indicator and is labeled “True”. At the bottom left, a rectangle reads: “H2: CEO duality and greater CEO age are positively associated with the persistence of glass ceiling barriers”. A line from this box points towards the Glass Ceiling Indicator and is labeled “True”. On the right side, a top rectangle reads: “H4: Larger and more profitable companies show a lower glass ceiling.” This box connects to the Eco Fin and it connects to the Glass Ceiling Indicator. A line from this box points towards the Glass Ceiling Indicator is labeled “True”. At the bottom right, a rectangle reads: “H5: Less risky and more efficient companies show a lower glass ceiling.” This box connects to the Eco Fin and it connects to the Glass Ceiling Indicator. A line from this box points towards the Glass Ceiling Indicator is labeled “Partially True”. The Gender and the Eco Fin are each connected to the central Glass Ceiling Indicator by directional lines, indicating their influence on the indicator.Relationships between hypotheses and glass ceiling. Source: Authors’ own work