Figure 1
The conceptual model diagram shows five underlying constructs of “P H S M–C X” arranged vertically on the left side, labeled from top to bottom as “Community Volunteerism (S)”, “Shared Language (S)”, “Shared Vision (S)”, “Social Presence (E)”, and “Learning Benefit (F)”. These five ovals are grouped and labeled “Five underlying constructs of P H S M–C X”. Below them, a legend indicates that a single-lined oval represents a “First-order construct” and a double-lined oval represents a “Second-order construct”. An arrow points rightward from “Five underlying constructs of P H S M–C X” to a double-lined oval labeled “P H S M–C X” in the center. An arrow points rightward from the central double-lined oval labeled “P H S M–C X” to a single-lined oval labeled “Quality of Life”. From “P H S M–C X”, one arrow points diagonally upward to an oval labeled “P H S M Compliance”, present at the top right, and another arrow points diagonally downward to an oval labeled “P H S M Advocacy”, present at the bottom right. From “Quality of Life”, one arrow points diagonally upward to an oval “P H S M Compliance”, and another arrow points diagonally downward to “P H S M Advocacy”.The research model and process. Note: S= Social, E = Emotional and F= Functional. Source: Authors' own creation/work