Figure 1
The diagram shows a central circle labeled “CO-CREATED IMPROVEMENT AND INNOVATION”. Above the central circle, two horizontally overlapping circles are labeled “ENGAGEMENT’ and “MOTIVATION’. Below the central circle, two horizontally overlapping circles are labeled “PROCESS” and “STRUCTURE”. All four surrounding circles are connected by arrows pointing toward the central circle.Conceptual model illustrating how structure, process, engagement, and motivation interact to enable co-creation in rural development ecosystems. The model emphasizes the dynamic balance between formal structures and voluntary participation in collaborative improvement and innovation