Figure 1
The diagram is a circular model divided into three equal sectors around a central circle labeled “Workplace Bullying”. The outer ring labels each sector as “Governance Elements”, “Managerial Elements”, and “Structural Elements”. Each of these secors contain bullet points of text. Starting from the left and moving clockwise: In the left sector labeled “Governance Elements”, the following items are listed: “Code of ethics and integrity policies”, “Accountability mechanism”, “Transparency and oversight”, “Regulatory enforcement and compliance”, and “Inclusion and participatory decisions”. Moving clockwise to the right sector labeled “Managerial Elements”, the listed items are: “Hierarchical structure and power dynamics”, “Performance management and target pressure”, “Decision-making impartiality and fairness”, “Communication and conflict resolution”, “Workload and job demands”, “Role ambiguity and unclear expectations”, and “N P M pressures”. Continuing clockwise to the bottom sector labeled “Structural Elements”, the listed items are: “Organizational culture and norms”, “Change management and instability”, “Cost-cutting measures and budget constraints”, “Downsizing and job insecurity”, and “Political pressures and external influences”.Organizational factors contribute to bullying in the public sector. Source: Created by authors