Figure 1
Conceptual model linking the Human Development Index (HDI) to students’ perceptions of generative AI. Three variables–study impact, development impact, and skills development–are used in a K-means cluster analysis to identify three student groups: techno-positives, skeptics, and development-oriented users. Cluster composition is then examined across HDI categories.The flowchart shows H D I index as a continuous variable connected to three composite variables including study impact based on Q 26 average scale, development impact based on Q 27 average scale, and skills development based on Q 28 to 29 average scale. These three composite variables are used as input for K-means cluster analysis with k equals 3. The clustering produces three groups including techno-positives, sceptics, and development-oriented. The groups lead to demographic profiling, followed by cluster composition by H D I categories using cross-tabulation and chi-square test.

Research model

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