Figure 2.
Structural equation model showing relationships between management styles and tensions in social enterprises. Participative Style (measured by PTS1–PTS5) and Innovative Style (measured by INVS1 and INVS3) load onto a higher-order construct, Management Styles. Management Styles has a positive effect on Tensions in SE (β = 0.241***). Tensions in SE is further reflected in four dimensions: Performing Tensions (PT1–PT3), Organizing Tensions (OT1–OT5), Belonging Tensions (BT1–BT4), and Learning Tensions (LT1–LT2), all with significant loadings. All displayed paths are statistically significant (***).The structural model presents participative style and innovative style connected to management styles, with values 0.851 and 0.821. Participative style is measured by P T S 1 to P T S 5 with values 0.792, 0.768, 0.843, 0.761, and 0.659. Innovative style is measured by I N V S 1 and I N V S 3 with values 0.908 and 0.685. Management styles connect to tensions in S E with value negative 0.241 and R squared 0.058. Tensions in S E connect to performing tensions 0.695, organizing tensions 0.873, belonging tensions 0.873, and learning tensions 0.828. These are further measured by P T 1 to P T 3, O T 1 to O T 5, B T 1 to B T 5, and L T 1 to L T 2 with values shown beside each connection.

Final PLS-SEM model

Note(s): *** Significant at: p < 0.05

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