Figure 2
The horizontal axis is marked with years ranging from “2010” through “2023” in one-year increments. The vertical axis is labeled “Sanction intensity” and ranges from 0 to 250 in increments of 50 units. The graph shows five lines. A legend below the graph identifies the five lines as “Brazil”, “China”, “India”, “Russian Federation”, and “South Africa”. The “Brazil” line remains at 0 from 2010 to 2023. The “China” line stays near 0 from 2010 to 2016, then increases gradually, passing through (2017, 8.74), (2019, 13.11), (2021, 27.97), then steeply increases to end at (2023, 39.34). The “India” line stays at 0 from 2010 to 2023. The “Russian Federation” line stays at 0 from 2010 to 2013, rises sharply to (2014, 50.00), remains near 50 from 2015 through 2018, increases slightly to (2021, 67.31), then rises steeply to (2022, 163.46), and continues upward to end at (2023, 220.28). The “South Africa” line remains close to 0 from 2010 to 2023, increasing slightly to (2023, 6.99). Note: All numerical data values are approximated.Trend of sanction intensity imposed on BRICS. Source: Authors’ calculations