Figure 1
The flowchart shows a central, rounded rectangular box on the left labeled “UNDEREMPLOYMENT” with three bullet points listed vertically inside it: “Time-related underemployment” at the top, “Income-related underemployment” in the middle, and “Qualification-related underemployment” at the bottom. From the right side of this central box, four straight arrows diverge outward and point rightward to four separate rectangular boxes arranged in a vertical stack from top to bottom. The top arrow connects to a box labeled “Strained relationship with partner and children”. The second arrow from the top connects to a box labeled “Economic strain”. The third arrow connects to a box labeled “Strained relationship with peers and organisation”. The bottom arrow connects to a box labeled “Strained relationship with relatives and friends”.Conceptual framework for socio-economic consequences of underemployment (developed by the researcher)