Figure 1
The conceptual model is arranged with a central oval and surrounding constructs connected by directional arrows labeled with hypotheses. In the center, an oval labeled “L M practices” is positioned. On the left side, three ovals labeled “J I T”, “Jidoka”, and “Stability and Standardization” are placed. Single-headed arrows extend from “L M practices” to “J I T”, from “L M practices” to “Jidoka”, and from “L M practices” to “Stability and Standardization”. On the right side, an oval labeled “Operational performance” is positioned. A single-headed arrow labeled “H 3” extends from “L M practices” to “Operational performance”. At the bottom right, an oval labeled “Human dimensions” is placed. A single-headed arrow labeled “H 1” extends from “Human dimensions” to “L M practices”. Another single-headed arrow labeled “H 2” extends from “Human dimensions” to “Operational performance”. Above the center, an oval labeled “Lean duration” is positioned. A single-headed arrow labeled “H 4 b” extends downward from “Lean duration” and points to the path labeled “H 3” between “L M practices” and “Operational performance”. Another single-headed arrow labeled “H 4 a” extends diagonally downward from “Lean duration” tothe path labeled “H 2” between “Human dimensions” and “Operational performance”.LM structural model. Source: Authors’ own elaboration