Figure 2
The model consists of six latent variables each represented by a circular node with the following labels: “Lean practices”, “J I T”, “Jidoka”, “Stability and standardization”, “Human dimensions”, and “Operational performance”. “Lean practices” is positioned at the center. “J I T” is positioned above the center, “Jidoka” is positioned at the left center, “Stability and standardization” is positioned at the bottom left, “Human dimensions” is positioned at the bottom right, and “Operational performance” is positioned at the right center. From “Jidoka”, four arrows point leftward to four rectangles arranged in a vertical series and labeled from top to bottom as follows: “J I 0 4”, “J I 0 3”, “J I 0 2”, and “J I 0 1”. These arrows are labeled “0.838”, “0.851”, “0.909”, and “0.819”, respectively. From “Stability and standardization”, four arrows point leftward to four rectangles arranged in a vertical series and labeled from top to bottom as follows: “S S 0 3”, “S S 0 4”, “S S 0 5”, and “S S 0 6”. These arrows are labeled “0.784”, “0.707”, “0.794”, and “0.705”, respectively. From “J I T”, five arrows point upward to five rectangles arranged in a horizontal series and labeled from left to right as follows: “J I T 0 2”, “J I T 0 3”, “J I T 0 6”, “J I T 0 7”, and “J I T 0 8”. These arrows are labeled “0.680”, “0.788”, “0.645”, “0.787”, and “0.791”, respectively. From “Human dimensions”, four arrows point downward to four rectangles arranged in a horizontal series and labeled from left to right as follows: “P I 0 3”, “P I 0 4”, “P I 0 5”, and “P I 0 6”. These arrows are labeled “0.756”, “0.821”, “0.795”, and “0.801”, respectively. From “Operational performance”, three arrows point rightward to three rectangles arranged in a vertical series and labeled from top to bottom as follows: “O O 0 2”, “O O 0 4”, and “O O 0 5”. These arrows are labeled “0.741”, “0.780”, and “0.782”, respectively. A structural arrow labeled “0.904” points from “Lean practices” to “Jidoka”. A structural arrow labeled “0.800” points from “Lean practices” to “Stability and standardization”. A structural arrow labeled “0.866” points from “Lean practices” to “J I T”. A structural arrow labeled “0.615” points from “Human dimensions” to “Lean practices”. A structural arrow labeled “0.416” points from “Lean practices” to “Operational performance”. A structural arrow labeled “0.280” points from “Human dimensions” to “Operational performance”.Structural model results. Source: Authors’ own elaboration