Figure 3
The illustration titled “Conceptualized Key Phrases” presents three grouped sections of labeled precursor categories used for analysis: activity-related (A), worker-related (W), and employer-related (E). Each section contains multiple coded items with detailed descriptions. Activity-related precursors (A): It includes twelve items as follows: “A 1: carpentry tasks, including cutting woods for concrete frames, preparing lumbers to be cut, etcetera” “A 2: concreting activities, including pouring concrete, demolishing concrete, preparing the formworks, and finishing concrete” “A 3: equipment operating, including trucks, forklifts, graders, etcetera” “A 4: handling construction tools or materials, such as shovels, jackhammers, hammers, moving sandbags, cement pockets, etcetera” “A 5: Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing tasks, including installing pipes in trenches, digging trenches, building maintenance activities, installing cables, etcetera” “A 6: masonry tasks, including bricklaying, making mortar, pouring mortar, etcetera” “A 7: tasks related to road construction, including pouring tar and asphalt, shoveling asphalt, finishing asphalt, preparing the road and sidewalks, etcetera” “A 8: tasks being conducted on roofs of structures and buildings, including general construction of roofs, installing gutters, cleaning the garbage on the roof, isolating the roof with tar, etcetera” “A 9: activities related to steel structures or reinforcing for concrete structures, including welding steel frames, joining, installing, and adjusting rebar cages, etcetera” “A 10: activities performed in outdoor areas with direct exposure to sun” “A 11: activities performed in confined spaces, like inside tanks” “A 12: tasks related to surveying”. Worker-related precursors (W): It includes ten items as follows: “W 1: worker denied their illness and or refused medical treatment” “W 2: drug or alcohol intoxication” “W 3: worker had no resting during their shift” “W 4: worker was not acclimatized to working in hot weather conditions; they were either new workers or returning to work after a long period” “W 5: worker did not drink enough water” “W 6: worker had preexisting medical conditions” “W 7: worker was temporarily hired” “W 8: worker was a trainee or apprentice” “W 9: worker was unlicensed for their assigned tasks” “W 10: worker was wearing multiple layers of clothes”. Employer-related precursors (E): It includes eight items as follows: “E 1: employer failed to provide protection from construction hazards (other than exposure to heat)” “E 2: employer did not have or developed a heat injury prevention program” “E 3: employer did not protect their workers from risks of inhaling hazardous chemicals” “E 4: employer did not provide any first aid supplies” “E 5: employer failed to provide sufficient air conditioning” “E 6: employer or their representatives did not inspect the workers frequently” “E 7: employer did not have any heat-related trained personnel” “E 8: employer asked their worker to perform a voluntary task with no written or formal agreement”.Conceptualized key phrases. Source: Authors’ own work