Figure 2
The illustration contains two tilted 3 D-style timeline diagrams stacked vertically, each showing five generations of port development. The top diagram is labeled “(a) 5 generation models proposed by Molavi et al. (2019)”. A diagonal axis runs from the upper left to the lower right and is labeled with time periods: “Pre – 1960s”, “1960s – 1980s”, “1980s – 1990s”, “1990s – 2010s”, and “2010s – now”, with the text “Molavi et al. (2019)” near the right end. Five vertical panels are placed along this axis, each representing one generation. From left to right, the panels are labeled “Isolated ports” with “1st generation” above, “Expanded ports” with “2nd generation”, “Container ports” with “3rd generation”, “Integrated ports” with “4th generation”, and “Smart ports” with “5th generation”. The bottom diagram is labeled “(b) U N C T A D smart port model”. It has a similar 3 D layout. The diagonal axis runs from “Pre – 1940” on the left to “2020 – now” on the right, labeled “U N C T A D smart port model” near the end. The five panels represent port generations titled “Mechanic ports” with “1st generation”, “Container ports” with “2nd generation”, “E D I ports” with “3rd generation”, “Internet ports” with “4th generation”, and “Smart ports” with “5th generation”.Two models of port development: (a) five generation models proposed by Molavi et al. (2020) and (b) UNCTAD smart port model