Figure 1
The flowchart shows a sequence of rectangular text boxes connected by arrows that describe a model evaluation process. At the top left, a text box labeled “Original Model” is connected by a rightward arrow to a text box labeled “Input Data”. A downward arrow emerges from “Input Data” and points to a text box labeled “Model Adjustment”. To the left of “Model Adjustment”, a text box labeled “Model Validation” is shown, connected with a leftward arrow from “Model Adjustment”. A downward arrow from “Model Validation” points to a large, rounded rectangle labeled “Examining the measurement models”, which contains four bullet-pointed items: “Reflective indicator loadings”, “Internal consistency reliability”, “Convergent validity”, and “Discriminant validity”. From the right side of this rounded rectangle, a rightward arrow labeled “Metrics not meet the requirement” loops back to “Model Adjustment”. From the bottom of the rounded rectangle, a downward arrow labeled “Metrics meet the requirement” points to another rounded rectangle labeled “Examining the structural models”, which contains two bullet-pointed items: “Collinearity” and “Coefficient of determination”. From the right side of this second rounded rectangle, a rightward arrow labeled “Metrics not meet the requirement” loops back to “Model Adjustment”. From the bottom of the second rounded rectangle, a downward arrow labeled “Metrics meet the requirement” points to a final rectangular text box labeled “Final Model”.PLS-SEM model validation and adjustment process. Source: Authors’ own work