Figure 2
The structural model includes six circles arranged in a dashed rectangular layout. Four circles are vertically arranged on the left, labeled from top to bottom as “Safety Policy (A)”, “Safety Training (B)”, “Communication Barriers (C)”, and “Cultural Differences (D)”. One circle labeled “Personal Variables (E)” appears at the bottom center. One circle labeled “Safety Outcome (O)” appears at the far right in the middle. All circles contain the text “O R D” inside them. The circle labeled “Safety Policy (A)” connects to three vertically arranged rectangles on its left labeled from top to bottom as “A 1 O R D”, “A 2 O R D”, and “A 3 O R D”, with leftward arrows emerging from the circle and pointing to the rectangles. The circle labeled “Safety Training (B)” connects to three vertically arranged rectangles on its left labeled from top to bottom as “B 1 O R D”, “B 2 O R D”, and “B 3 O R D”, with leftward arrows emerging from the circle and pointing to the rectangles. The circle labeled “Communication Barriers (C)” connects to three vertically arranged rectangles on its left labeled from top to bottom as “C 1 O R D”, “C 2 O R D”, and “C 3 O R D”, with leftward arrows emerging from the circle and pointing to the rectangles. The circle labeled “Cultural Differences (D)” connects to three vertically arranged rectangles below it labeled from top to bottom as “D 1 O R D”, “D 2 O R D”, and “D 3 O R D”, with downward arrows emerging from the circle and pointing outward to the rectangles. The circle labeled “Personal Variables (E)” connects to six horizontally arranged rectangles below it labeled from left to right as “E 1 O R D”, “E 2 O R D”, “E 3 O R D”, “E 4 O R D”, “E 5 O R D”, and “E 6 O R D”, with downward arrows emerging from the circle and pointing to the rectangles. The circle labeled “Safety Outcome (O)” connects to three vertically arranged rectangles on its right labeled from top to bottom as “R 1 O R D”, “R 2 O R D”, and “R 3 O R D”, with rightward arrows emerging from the circle and pointing outward to the rectangles. Rightward arrows emerge from the circles labeled “Safety Policy (A)”, “Safety Training (B)”, “Communication Barriers (C)”, “Cultural Differences (D)”, and “Personal Variables (E)” and point toward the circle labeled “Safety Outcome (O)”. A dashed boundary labeled “Measurement model” encloses the circle labeled “Safety Policy (A)” along with its three indicator rectangles. Another dashed boundary labeled “Indicators or Items” encloses the three indicator rectangles “C 1 O R D”, “C 2 O R D”, and “C 3 O R D”. A third dashed boundary labeled “Latent Variables” encloses the circles labeled “Cultural Differences (D)” and “Personal Variables (E)”.Original PLS-SEM model. Source: Authors’ own work