Figure 3
The path diagram shows five latent variable ovals on the left labeled “A (Safety Policy)”, “B (Safety Training)”, “C (Communication Barriers)”, “D (Cultural Differences)”, and “E (Personal Variables)”, and one latent variable oval on the right labeled “O (Safety Outcome)” with the text “R-squared equals 0.433” placed below it. The oval labeled “A (Safety Policy)” connects to rectangular indicators labeled “A 2” and “A 3” on the left with leftward arrows labeled “a 1 equals 0.829” and “a 2 equals 0.911”, and error circles labeled “e 1” and “e 2” connect to “A 2” and “A 3” with rightward arrows. The oval labeled “B (Safety Training)” connects to rectangular indicators labeled “B 2” and “B 3” on the left with leftward arrows labeled “a 3 equals 0.862” and “a 4 equals 0.915”, and error circles labeled “e 3” and “e 4” connect to “B 2” and “B 3” with rightward arrows. The oval labeled “C (Communication Barriers)” connects to rectangular indicators labeled “C 2” and “C 3” on the left with leftward arrows labeled “a 5 equals 0.964” and “a 6 equals 0.873”, and error circles labeled “e 5” and “e 6” connect to “C 2” and “C 3” with rightward arrows. The oval labeled “D (Cultural Differences)” connects to rectangular indicators labeled “D 1” and “D 2” on the left with leftward arrows labeled “a 7 equals 0.898” and “a 8 equals 0.830”, and error circles labeled “e 7” and “e 8” connect to “D 1” and “D 2” with rightward arrows. The oval labeled “E (Personal Variables)” connects to rectangular indicators labeled “E 2” and “E 3” on the left with leftward arrows labeled “a 9 equals 0.840” and “a 10 equals 0.908”, and error circles labeled “e 9” and “e 10” connect to “E 2” and “E 3” with rightward arrows. Rightward arrows emerge from the ovals labeled “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, and “E” and point toward the oval labeled “O (Safety Outcome)” with path coefficients labeled “beta equals 0.285”, “beta equals 0.156”, “beta equals negative 0.025”, “beta equals negative 0.116”, and “beta equals 0.212”, respectively. The oval labeled “O (Safety Outcome)” connects to rectangular indicators labeled “R 2” and “R 3” on the right with rightward arrows labeled “a 11 equals 0.937” and “a 12 equals 0.837”, and error circles labeled “e 11” and “e 12” connect to “R 2” and “R 3” with leftward arrows.Final PLS-SEM model. Source: Authors’ own work