Figure 1
The conceptual flow diagram shows two central overlapping circles labeled “lean” on the left and “digitalization” on the right. From these central circles, curved arrows extend outward to both left and right sections, organizing processes into three stages: “Primary stage”, “Intermediate stage”, and “Advanced stage”. On the left side, three grouped sections are arranged vertically with arrows pointing leftward from the stage labels toward lists of processes. In the “Primary stage”, five items are shown: “On-site 5S management”, “Standardization and error correction management”, “On-site visualization”, “Work flow on time and accurately”, and “Processes control”. Arrows run from the “Primary stage” box toward each item. In the “Intermediate stage”, four items are shown: “Standard process system”, “Improve non-value-added operation”, “Flexible supply chain”, and “Improve process consistency”. Arrows run from the “Intermediate stage” box toward each item. In the “Advanced stage”, four items are shown: “Customer-oriented value creation”, “Improve organizational mechanisms and strategic initiatives”, “All employees actively involve”, and “Cultivate the right lean culture”. Arrows run from the “Advanced stage” box toward each item. On the right side, three grouped sections are arranged vertically with arrows pointing rightward from the stage labels toward lists of processes. In the “Primary stage”, five items are shown: “Equip on-site with physical and digital apartments”, “Collect information and data”, “Improve the relationship among stakeholders”, “Realtime interaction between man or machines or materials”, and “Virtual analysis processes data”. Arrows run from the “Primary stage” box toward each item. In the “Intermediate stage”, four items are shown: “Process deviation warning and traceability management”, “Sharing interactive information through supply chain”, “Integrate and mine information data”, and “Data-driven process control and decisions”. Arrows run from the “Intermediate stage” box toward each item. In the “Advanced stage”, four items are shown: “Close development of digital technologies and lean operation”, “Personalized strategy”, “Adaptive innovatively system”, and “Flexible and dynamic control”. Arrows run from the “Advanced stage” box toward each item.The stage characteristics of lean and digitalization. Source: Authors’ own work