Figure 6
The flow diagram shows three columns arranged from left to right labeled “Primary stage”, “Intermediate stage”, and “Advanced stage”, with rows labeled on the left as “Antecedent variables” and “Outcome variables”. In the “Primary stage” under “Antecedent variables”, a rounded rectangle contains six bullet points: “Standardized management (P R subscript 1)”, “Mechanization and automation (P R subscript 2)”, “Simulation of the whole process (P R subscript 3)”, “Total production maintenance (P R subscript 4)”, “Plan control (P R subscript 5)”, and “Establishment of digital information systems (P R subscript 6)”. A downward arrow runs from this box to the “Outcome variables” box labeled “Integrated lean processes with information system (P R)”. A horizontal arrow runs from the “Primary stage” antecedent box to the “Intermediate stage” antecedent box. In the “Intermediate stage” under “Antecedent variables”, the box lists six bullet points: “Standardized digital process system (I N subscript 1)”, “Real-time optimization of working parameters (I N subscript 2)”, “Continuous updating or maintenance or reuse of integrated process data (I N subscript 3)”, “Traceability of whole process (I N subscript 4)”, “Lean inventory management (I N subscript 5)”, and “Overall supply chain coordination (I N subscript 6)”. A downward arrow connects this box to the “Outcome variables” box labeled “Agile and intelligent operation system (I N)”. Another horizontal arrow runs from the “Intermediate stage” antecedent box to the “Advanced stage” antecedent box. In the “Advanced stage” under “Antecedent variables”, the box lists six bullet points: “Customer value-based strategy (A D subscript 1)”, “Agile processes and mass customization (A D subscript 2)”, “Collaboration through the whole industry chain (A D subscript 3)”, “Continuous improvement mechanism (A D subscript 4)”, “Employee involvement and training (A D subscript 5)”, and “Lean-digital culture (A D subscript 6)”. A downward arrow connects this box to the “Outcome variables” box labeled “Organizational transformation strategy (A D)”. Along the bottom row, horizontal arrows connect the three outcome boxes from left to right, forming a sequence from “Integrated lean processes with information system (P R)” to “Agile and intelligent operation system (I N)” to “Organizational transformation strategy (A D)”.Selection of fsQCA variables for each stage. Source: Authors own work