Figure 1
The vertical hierarchy shows a bidirectional arrow on the left, labeled “BEST” at the top and “WORST” at the bottom. On the right, an oval labeled “Source reduction and Food recovery (efficiency)” represents the most preferred approach at the top tier. Below it, two horizontally aligned rounded rectangles sit in the middle tier: the left one labeled “Traditional Upcycling: Animal feed, Bioenergy, Fertilizers,” and the right one labeled “Innovative Upcycling: Bioactive components, Food ingredients.” At the lowest tier, a rectangle labeled “DISPOSAL and LANDFILL (waste)” indicates the least preferred option.Approaches to food waste management. Source: Adapted from Bangar et al. (2024).