Figure 1
The flow diagram shows identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion stages for studies, with initial database search yielding 5889 records from ProQuest One Academic 1683, Scopus 1373, Embase 1224, M E D L I N E 727, and Psyc-INFO 550, and updated search yielding 717 records from Embase 171, ProQuest One Academic 158, Google Scholar 147, Scopus 140, and M E D L I N E 40, alongside 5 records from citation searching, followed by removal of 3396 records before screening including 171 manual duplicates and 3225 duplicates via Covidence, leaving 3210 records screened by title and abstract with 3095 excluded, 115 articles sought for retrieval with 13 not retrieved, 102 articles assessed for eligibility with 47 excluded for reasons including wrong study design 4, non English language 2, outcomes not reported 15, thesis not peer reviewed 1, no disaggregated data for females 18, and duplicate thesis paper 2, resulting in 60 articles included from 42 studies.PRISMA flow diagram on the identification, screening and selection of studies