Figure 3.
Panel a shows a D P P at the centre connected to multiple lifecycle stages through directional links. It includes raw materials A 1, raw materials transport A 2, material element manufacturer A 3, material element transport distribution A 4, and site A 5. Then it shows in use stages B 1, B 6, B 7, B 8 and B 2, 3, 4, 5, followed by end of life stages C 1 deconstruction, C 2 transport, C 3 waste processing, and C 4 disposal, along with beyond the life cycle D. The D P P connects to all stages, indicating data flow across the lifecycle. Panel b shows a D M B at the centre connected to similar lifecycle stages, including A 3, A 4, A 5, in use stages, C 1 deconstruction, C 2 transport, and beyond the life cycle D. It also shows links from C 2 to C 3 waste processing and C 4 disposal. Then it shows a connection between D M B and D P P, indicating interaction between both systems across lifecycle stages.(a) Integrated information flow across the building lifecycle enabled by DPPs (b). Circular material flow enabled by the integration of DPPs and DMBs
Source: Authors’ compilation (2026)