Figure 3.
The conceptual framework depicts the relationships among climate stressors, adaptation strategies, adaptive capacity, resilience outcomes, and agricultural transformation outcomes. Climate stressors include temperature rise, rainfall variability, floods, and droughts, which influence adaptation strategies such as livelihood diversification, agricultural diversification, risk management, land and crop management, farm and income management, and conservation practices. Policy and institutional support, including extension, insurance, subsidies, and climate services, contribute to adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity includes knowledge and information, financial and physical resources, institutions and governance, and social capital. Cross-sectoral linkages through the Water-Energy-Food nexus also support adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity leads to resilience outcomes, including reduced vulnerability, stability of yields and income, improved coping capacity, and equity for marginalized groups. These outcomes contribute to agricultural transformation outcomes such as sustainable productivity, diversification, and climate-resilient systems. A learning and policy feedback loop connects agricultural transformation outcomes back to adaptation strategies.Conceptual model linking adaptation strategies, adaptive capacity and agricultural transformation in South Asia