Figure 1
The conceptual model shows a pattern arranged from left to right with rectangular boxes connected by horizontal arrows pointing toward a central box. In the center, a rectangular box is labeled “Crime reporting (reported vs not reported)”. On the left side, two rectangular boxes are vertically aligned. The upper left box reads “Trust in the police Expected: upward arrow reporting (H 1 a)”, and a diagonal arrow points from this box to the central “Crime reporting (reported vs not reported)” box. On the right side, a rectangular box labeled “Crime type (theft vs robbery) Expected: trust effect stronger for robbery (H 1 b)” has a horizontal arrow pointing leftward toward the central “Crime reporting (reported vs not reported)” box. Above the central box, a rectangular box labeled “Race Expected: non-white downward arrow reporting (H 2)” has a vertical downward arrow pointing directly to the central “Crime reporting (reported vs not reported)” box. The lower left box reads “Instrumental incentives (vehicle-related; documents or cellphone) Expected: upward arrow reporting (H 3)”, and a diagonal arrow also points from this box to the central box.Empirical framework and hypotheses of study. Source: Authors' own elaboration