Figure 12.
Two graphs showing temperature rise and melting fraction over time for systems with and without phase change materials for an heat transfer coefficient equal to 8 W/(m2K).The figure contains two graphs. The first graph plots temperature in degree Celsius against time in seconds. It compares systems without phase change material, with internal phase change material, with external phase change material, and with combined internal and external phase change material. All curves rise with time, with the system without phase change material reaching the highest temperature, and those with phase change material staying below the temperature limit line at about 50 degree Celsius. The second graph plots melting fraction against time in seconds for internal, external, and combined phase change material systems. The melting fraction starts at zero, increases sharply between about 1000 and 4000 seconds, and then levels off near one, showing complete melting.

Maximum battery temperature Tmax (a) and PCM melting fraction ψ (b) during time t for a heat transfer coefficient h = 8 W/m2K

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