Figure 13.
The figure includes two plots. The first plot shows temperature in degree Celsius versus time in seconds, comparing four systems: without phase change material, with internal phase change material, with external phase change material, and with combined internal and external phase change material. All curves rise with time, with the system without phase change material reaching the highest temperature, while those with phase change materials remain below the temperature limit line near 50 degree Celsius. The second plot shows melting fraction versus time in seconds for internal, external, and combined phase change materials. Melting fraction starts at zero, increases steeply between about 1000 and 4000 seconds, and then levels off at one, showing complete melting for all systems.Maximum battery temperature (a) and PCM melting fraction (b) during time for a heat transfer coefficient