Figure 9
The illustration contains thirteen distinct plots (a) through (m), each showing “Strain [10 e negative 3]” on the y-axis versus “Time [seconds]” on the x-axis, ranging from 0 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. Each plot has three lines: a solid black line for “Experimental,” a black dashed line for “FEM-Original,” and a solid red line for “FEM-Optimized”. In each plot, all the curves start from (0, 0). (a): The y-axis ranges from negative 1 to 0.4 with an interval of 0.2. The curves oscillate with a noticeable initial drop and recovery. (b): The y-axis ranges from negative 2 to 0.5 with an interval of 0.5. All curves show a sharp initial decrease, then diverge, with the red line remaining highest. (c): The y-axis ranges from negative 0.2 to 0.8 with an interval of 0.1. The black line peaks sharply near 0.11 seconds, and the others remain lower. (d): The y-axis ranges from negative 0.1 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. The curves show an initial spike and then stabilize, with experimental peaks near 0.11 seconds. (e): The y-axis ranges from negative 0.2 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. It shows a similar initial peak, with the red line remaining flat and offset. (f): The y-axis ranges from negative 0.3 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. All curves show an initial spike, then oscillate and stabilize with small variations. (g): The y-axis ranges from negative 0.2 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. The curves show oscillations with an initial spike near 0.11 seconds, then stabilize and flatten after 0.2 seconds. (h): The y-axis ranges from negative 9 to 1 with an interval of 1. All curves drop sharply at the start. Experimental and F E M-Original remain above negative 4, and F E M-Optimised near negative 8, with minimal variance after 0.1 seconds. (i): The y-axis ranges from negative 10 to 90 with an interval of 10. The F E M-original line jumps to about 80 at 0.1 seconds, and the others remain low, nearly flat. (j): The y-axis ranges from negative 0.1 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. All lines rapidly rise between 0.2 and 0.5, then slowly decay, with the experimental peaking highest early and the F E M-Original lowest. (k): The y-axis ranges from negative 3 to 5 with an interval of 1. The F E M-original curve spikes to about 4.9, the experimental drops to negative 2 and rises to about 0, then levels off, and the F E M-optimised rises to 1, then drops to negative 2, and stabilizes. (l): The y-axis ranges from negative 2 to 10 with an interval of 2. The experimental curve peaks at about 9, then stabilizes at 6; F E M-original oscillates near zero, and F E M-optimised rises to 4, then stabilizes. (m): The y-axis ranges from negative 0.2 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. All curves rise sharply to a peak between 0.05 and 0.1 seconds, then the solid black curve oscillates and settles around 0.2, the dashed line follows a similar pattern but stays slightly below, and the red line oscillates more closely below the other two. Note: All the numerical data values are approximated.(a) BTE, (b) BTD, (c) LET, (d) LDT, (e) LDF, (f) TE, (g) TD, (h) FDD, (i) FEC, (j) FEI, (k) FDC, l) FDM and m) FDI. Source(s): Authors’ own creation