Figure 14
The illustration contains two scientific line plots labeled (a) and (b). For each plot, the x-axis is labeled “Time [seconds],” ranging from 0 to 0.6 with an interval of 0.1. Each plot has two lines: a solid black line for “Original” and a solid red line for “Optimized”. Legends on both plots identify the line styles. Left plot (a): The y-axis is labeled “Absorved Energy [kilojoules],” ranging from 0 to 50 with an interval of 10. Both lines rise rapidly to a peak near 0.1 seconds. The red line peaks at about 49 kilojoules; the black line peaks near 45 kilojoules. After the peak, both lines level off, with the red line consistently higher and showing mild oscillations. The black line remains flat below the red. Right plot (b): The y-axis is labeled “Velocity [meters per second],” ranging from negative 2 to 7 with an interval of 1. Both lines start at about 6.4 meters per second at time zero, drop steeply near 0.1 seconds, cross zero, and hit a minimum velocity around negative 1.5 meters per second. After about 0.2 seconds, both lines rise gradually back toward zero, with the red line oscillating slightly above the black line. Note: All the numerical data values are approximated.(a) Evolution of the internal absorbed energy of the system and (b) evolution of the impactor velocity for both structures in time . Source(s): Authors’ own creation