Figure 5
The illustration is divided into two parts: a schematic diagram on the left and a line graph on the right. On the left, a three-dimensional mechanical frame or chassis structure is shown in light blue. Multiple colored arrows indicate applied loads and directions. Red arrows labeled “F subscript x” point horizontally inward from left ends and outward from right ends of the structure. Blue downward arrows labeled “F subscript z” indicate vertical loads applied at front and rear locations. A green arrow labeled “F subscript y” points horizontally along the structure. A yellow upward arrow labeled “M subscript x” represents a moment about the x-axis. The structure includes mounting points, joints, and cross-members, suggesting a complex load-bearing automotive or structural component. On the right, a dual-axis line graph shows displacement and force versus normalized time. The horizontal axis is labeled “Normalized time” and ranges from 0 to 1 with an interval of 0.1. The left vertical axis is labeled “Displacement (meters)” with values ranging from negative 2.5 times 10 to the power negative 3 to positive 2.5 times 10 to the power negative 3 meters. The right vertical axis is labeled “Force (newtons)”, ranging from negative 30 to positive 30 newtons with an interval of 10 newtons. Two curves are plotted: a solid line representing “Displacement” and a dashed line representing “Force”. Both curves exhibit oscillatory behavior over time. The displacement curve shows repeated peaks and troughs with amplitudes increasing slightly toward the end of the time range, reaching about negative 2.0 times 10 to the power negative 3 to positive 2.0 times 10 to the power negative 3 meters. The force curve fluctuates more irregularly with varying amplitude, reaching peaks near negative 25 to positive 22 newtons. Note: All numerical data values are approximated.Applied forces on the bogie frame and dynamic force characteristic. Note(s): (left) CAD view of reference bogie frame and (right) time history plot. Source(s): Authors’ own work