Figure 7
In panel (a), the horizontal axis is labeled “Time Step” and ranges from 0 to 800 in increments of 200. The vertical axis is labeled “Load Value” and ranges from negative 40 to 40 in increments of 10. Multiple series are shown for measured and predicted signals: Z Force L, Z Force R, Bumpstop L, Bumpstop R, Rollbar L, and Rollbar R, along with corresponding predicted versions shown as dashed lines. All series fluctuate around 0 with frequent sharp peaks and troughs. From 0 to 150 time steps, the values remain relatively small, mostly within negative 10 to 10. Between 180 and 320, several large spikes occur. Positive peaks rise above 40 near 280, while negative troughs fall below negative 35 near 220 and 300. From 320 to 800, repeated oscillations continue with moderate to large amplitudes, including peaks near 25 to 30 and troughs near negative 30. The dashed predicted lines closely overlap the solid measured lines throughout the panel, indicating close agreement. In panel (b), the horizontal axis is labeled “Actual Load” and ranges from negative 40 to 40 in increments of 20. The vertical axis is labeled “Predicted Load” and ranges from negative 40 to 40 in increments of 20. A scatterplot of blue prediction points is shown with a diagonal reference line labeled “Ideal Line (y equals x)”. The points form a narrow band closely aligned with the diagonal line from lower left to upper right. Values extend from negative 38 to 43 on both axes. Note: All numerical values are approximated.Predicted forces on bogie frame. Note(s): (Left) LSTM reconstruction of excitation forces. Solid line: reference force; dashed line: predicted force; (right) predicted versus actual force. Source(s): Authors’ own work