Figure 3
The graph plots loss function on the vertical axis and epoch on the horizontal axis. A lower curve represents training loss, which decreases steadily as epochs increase. An upper curve represents validation loss, which decreases at first and then increases. A dashed vertical line marks the point of minimum validation loss. The left region is labelled underfitting, where the loss function is much greater than 0. The right region is labelled overfitting, where the residual area between training and validation loss increases. The shaded area between the two curves represents residual area for training versus validation.Training and loss curves, with regions of underfitting and overfitting